91 results
Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder
- Janos L. Kalman, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Annabel Vreeker, Andrew McQuillin, Eli A. Stahl, Douglas Ruderfer, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Stephan Ripke, Tim B. Bigdeli, Frederike Stein, Tina Meller, Susanne Meinert, Helena Pelin, Fabian Streit, Sergi Papiol, Mark J. Adams, Rolf Adolfsson, Kristina Adorjan, Ingrid Agartz, Sofie R. Aminoff, Heike Anderson-Schmidt, Ole A. Andreassen, Raffaella Ardau, Jean-Michel Aubry, Ceylan Balaban, Nicholas Bass, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Antoni Benabarre, Susanne Bengesser, Wade H Berrettini, Marco P. Boks, Evelyn J. Bromet, Katharina Brosch, Monika Budde, William Byerley, Pablo Cervantes, Catina Chillotti, Sven Cichon, Scott R. Clark, Ashley L. Comes, Aiden Corvin, William Coryell, Nick Craddock, David W. Craig, Paul E. Croarkin, Cristiana Cruceanu, Piotr M. Czerski, Nina Dalkner, Udo Dannlowski, Franziska Degenhardt, Maria Del Zompo, J. Raymond DePaulo, Srdjan Djurovic, Howard J. Edenberg, Mariam Al Eissa, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Bruno Etain, Ayman H. Fanous, Frederike Fellendorf, Alessia Fiorentino, Andreas J. Forstner, Mark A. Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Katrin Gade, Julie Garnham, Elliot Gershon, Michael Gill, Fernando S. Goes, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Paul Grof, Jose Guzman-Parra, Tim Hahn, Roland Hasler, Maria Heilbronner, Urs Heilbronner, Stephane Jamain, Esther Jimenez, Ian Jones, Lisa Jones, Lina Jonsson, Rene S. Kahn, John R. Kelsoe, James L. Kennedy, Tilo Kircher, George Kirov, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Farah Klöhn-Saghatolislam, James A. Knowles, Thorsten M. Kranz, Trine Vik Lagerberg, Mikael Landen, William B. Lawson, Marion Leboyer, Qingqin S. Li, Mario Maj, Dolores Malaspina, Mirko Manchia, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Melvin G. McInnis, Andrew M. McIntosh, Helena Medeiros, Ingrid Melle, Vihra Milanova, Philip B. Mitchell, Palmiero Monteleone, Alessio Maria Monteleone, Markus M. Nöthen, Tomas Novak, John I. Nurnberger, Niamh O'Brien, Kevin S. O'Connell, Claire O'Donovan, Michael C. O'Donovan, Nils Opel, Abigail Ortiz, Michael J. Owen, Erik Pålsson, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, Joanna Pawlak, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Claudia Pisanu, James B. Potash, Mark H Rapaport, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Andreas Reif, Eva Reininghaus, Jonathan Repple, Hélène Richard-Lepouriel, Marcella Rietschel, Kai Ringwald, Gloria Roberts, Guy Rouleau, Sabrina Schaupp, William A Scheftner, Simon Schmitt, Peter R. Schofield, K. Oliver Schubert, Eva C. Schulte, Barbara Schweizer, Fanny Senner, Giovanni Severino, Sally Sharp, Claire Slaney, Olav B. Smeland, Janet L. Sobell, Alessio Squassina, Pavla Stopkova, John Strauss, Alfonso Tortorella, Gustavo Turecki, Joanna Twarowska-Hauser, Marin Veldic, Eduard Vieta, John B. Vincent, Wei Xu, Clement C. Zai, Peter P. Zandi, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Bipolar Disorder Working Group, International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen), Colombia-US Cross Disorder Collaboration in Psychiatric Genetics, Arianna Di Florio, Jordan W. Smoller, Joanna M. Biernacka, Francis J. McMahon, Martin Alda, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Nikolaos Koutsouleris, Peter Falkai, Nelson B. Freimer, Till F.M. Andlauer, Thomas G. Schulze, Roel A. Ophoff
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 219 / Issue 6 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 August 2021, pp. 659-669
- Print publication:
- December 2021
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Background
Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools.
AimsTo examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics.
MethodGenome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts.
ResultsEarlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO.
ConclusionsAAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Nicholas B. Allen, Stephanie Assuras, Robert M. Bilder, Joan C. Borod, John L. Bradshaw, Warrick J. Brewer, Ariel Brown, Nik Brown, Tyrone Cannon, Audrey Carstensen, Cameron S. Carter, Luke Clark, Phyllis Chua, Thilo Deckersbach, Richard A. Depue, Tali Ditman, Aleksey Dumer, David E. Fleck, Lara Foland-Ross, Judith M. Ford, Nelson Freimer, Paolo Fusar-Poli, Nathan A. Gates, Terry E. Goldberg, George Graham, Igor Grant, Melissa J. Green, Michelle M. Halfacre, Wendy Heller, John D. Herrington, Garry D. Honey, Jennifer E. Iudicello, Henry J. Jackson, J. David Jentsch, Donald Kalar, Paul Keedwell, Ester Klimkeit, Nancy S. Koven, Donna A. Kreher, Gina R. Kuperberg, Edythe London, Dan I. Lubman, Daniel H. Mathalon, Patrick D. McGorry, Philip McGuire, George R. Mangun, Gregory A. Miller, Albert Newen, Jack B. Nitschke, Jaak Panksepp, Christos Pantelis, Mary Philips, Russell A. Poldrack, Scott L. Rauch, Susan M. Ravizza, Steven Paul Reise, Nicole Rinehart, Angela Rizk-Jackson, Trevor W. Robbins, Tamara A. Russell, Fred W. Sabb, Cary R. Savage, Kimberley R. Savage, J. Cobb Scott, Marc L. Seal, Larry J. Seidman, Paula K. Shear, Marisa M. Silveri, Nadia Solowij, Laura Southgate, G. Lynn Stephens, D. Stott Parker, Stephen M. Strakowski, Simon A. Surguladze, Kate Tchanturia, René Testa, Janet Treasure, Eve M. Valera, Kai Vogeley, Anthony P. Weiss, Sarah Whittle, Stephen J. Wood, Steven Paul Woods, Murat Yücel, Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd
- Edited by Stephen J. Wood, University of Melbourne, Nicholas B. Allen, University of Melbourne, Christos Pantelis, University of Melbourne
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- The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness
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- 10 May 2010
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- 01 October 2009, pp xv-xx
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14 - Law and its applications
- from Part III - Christianity in the Social and Political Order
- Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Julia M. H. Smith, University of Glasgow
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- The Cambridge History of Christianity
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- 28 March 2010
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- 11 September 2008, pp 299-326
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Summary
The term “law” has a deceptive consistency. It may be said to result from “a particular political ideology or even cosmology.” Yet even within a given tradition, geographical setting, or institutional context, its applications and meanings are far from consistent. To study law in history is to study change. The subject of this chapter, the law of the early medieval Church, or canon law, turns out to be a disparate and lumpy mix, resistant to categorization in terms of later-medievel legal assumptions and modern ones alike. A canon in Greek is literally a yardstick, hence, a rule. The term stuck, in west as well as East. By 600, the canons issued by the great councils of the fourth and fifth centuries were widely regarded as authoritative. Thereafter, in the various provinces and kingdoms of the early medieval West, no single authority issued or taught or interpreted the rules of canon law. Bishops assembled in councils made law from time to time, legal collections continued to be made and circulated on private and local initiatives, and law was applied by bishops acting as judges. The situation was not so different in the East, and scholars nowadays are alive to the prevalence there, despite the concentration of evidence emanating from Constantinople, of provincial activity and diversity. In both East and West, canon law and secular law were associated in practice, and secular and ecclesiastical concerns overlapped in imperial legislation. For the Church, as for secular rulers in the West, the Theodosian Code (438) remained an occasional reference point for much of the period covered in this chapter, while in the East, the Justinianic Code (534) remained the basis of canon and secular law throughout.
9 - Henry Loyn and the Context of Anglo-Saxon England
- Edited by Stephen Morillo
- With William North
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- The Haskins Society Journal 19
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 12 September 2012
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- 18 July 2008, pp 154-170
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Summary
The invitation to come here to the University of Cardiff to celebrate the memory of one of this city's most distinguished sons, Henry Loyn, was something I could never have thought of refusing. I admired Henry immensely as a senior colleague; and I much appreciated, as did so many of my generation, both his learning and his encouragement. I am particularly glad and grateful that Pat Loyn is here in the audience and indeed my hostess during this visit: to remember Henry is to remember what ‘constant and indispensable support’ she gave him. I still regret that Henry and I never did manage to belong to the same college, as in the mid-1980s it was hoped might happen; but after reacquainting, and acquainting, myself with his work in the course of preparing this lecture, I am more keenly aware than ever of my good fortune in having worked for a decade as Henry's colleague in the University of London.
At the outset I also want to thank two other friends who were very close to Henry: one is Nicholas Brooks, whose British Academy memoir, published in 2003, has illuminated so many aspects of Henry's life and work; and the other is Alan Deyermond, who wrote, movingly and wittily, about Henry's Westfield years in the volume of Henry's papers which he and Nicholas, together with Peter Denley, helped produce in 1992.
Politics and history in the tenth century. The work and world of Richer of Reims. By Jason Glenn. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. 4th Ser., 60.) Pp. xviii+332 incl. 10 plates, 4 figs, 2 maps and 2 genealogical tables. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. £50. 0 521 83487 2
- JANET L. NELSON
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Ecclesiastical History / Volume 58 / Issue 2 / April 2007
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- 28 March 2007, pp. 319-320
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- April 2007
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20 - The medieval German Sonderweg? The empire and its rulers in the high Middle Ages
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 388-412
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Summary
As medievalists we all know, or think we know, that Germany Was Different. In most other European kingdoms, whether English, Scottish, French, Castilian, Aragonese, Portuguese, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Hungarian, Danish or Norwegian, a modernization paradigm seems to apply. The period between about 1100 and 1350 saw a Weberian transformation of rulership from a mixture of the charismatic and the patrimonial to the bureaucratic, if only incipiently so. It is not difficult to recite the litany of developments: hereditary rulership ensuring continuity (‘the king is dead, long live the king’); hierarchically organized appellate jurisdiction; officials paid at least in part on a salaried basis; institutions which had a fixed existence and often even a permanent physical location and were not wholly dependent on the whims or itinerancy of the ruler for the time being; institutionalized consultation between the ruler and his subjects about legislation and taxation; the general acceptance of the doctrine that all authority derived ultimately from the king, for whom, in a later stage of development, an abstraction like the crown or the state could then be substituted. But the regnum Teutonicum failed to make the transition between Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism and Lineages of the Absolutist State, to use Perry Anderson's terminology. Germany came to modernity late, differently or not at all, and can thus be said to have experienced a medieval Sonderweg.
1 - Modern mentalities and medieval polities
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 3-18
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‘Today, the question “What do you do?” means “How do you earn your living?”’, wrote W. H. Auden of the successful poet's dilemma.
On my own passport I am described as a ‘Writer’; this is not embarrassing for me in dealing with the authorities, because immigration and customs officials know that some kinds of writers make lots of money. But if a stranger in the train asks me my occupation I never answer ‘writer’ for fear that he may go on to ask me what I write, and to answer ‘poetry’ would embarrass us both, for we both know that nobody can earn a living simply by writing poetry. The most satisfactory answer I have discovered, satisfactory because it withers curiosity, is to say ‘Medieval Historian’.
I don't want to wither your curiosity this evening, but in spite of my professional pride I suspect that Auden's recipe probably works. My subject has a low reputation for practical value as well. A few years ago the Ministry of Defence ran a recruiting advertisement showing a scene which was a modern version of ‘the Gatling's jammed and the colonel's dead’. The caption was ‘What Use is a Degree in Medieval History?’, and the clearly implied answer was: none whatever. The only thing to be said for it was that it gave you a Trained Mind, which would serve you well when pinned down by the Ukrainians across the valley.
7 - Nobles and others: the social and cultural expression of power relations in the Middle Ages
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 111-126
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This contribution was conceived as an exploration of some of the ways in which the evident power of the medieval ceti dirigenti was created and maintained, as a good opportunity to do some hard thinking about what seemed and still seems to me to be one of the most important issues facing medievalists. The return on investment has turned out lower than expected, and I am now certain that better scholars have been here and returned, if not empty-handed, then at any rate not bearing the armfuls they had initially hoped for. Although the source and nature of political, social and cultural power is a subject which historians in general and medievalists in particular have instinctively tended to shy away from, there is an extensive and highly sophisticated literature on the subject in the related disciplines of sociology and political science. I shall draw, tentatively, on some of this, without claiming anything like expert or comprehensive knowledge of the literature. The topic requires not an article but a large book; what is offered here is a series of possible entry points to the understanding of a complex of problems, and such answers as may appear are in the main highly provisional.
One reason for the difficulties lies, as it so often does, in the development of historiographical tradition. We are all familiar with the medievalists' division of labour in this area, though we may not have articulated that familiarity to ourselves.
13 - Plunder and tribute in the Carolingian empire
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 231-250
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In 882 the Emperor Charles III was forced to break off his siege of the Norsemen's camp at Asselt and make peace with them. One of their leaders, Gottfried, got a Carolingian wife and the benefices in Frisia formerly held by Rorich; the other, Siegfried, got a large sum in gold and silver. Commenting on these events, the Mainz cleric who composed this section of the Annals of Fulda wrote:
and what was still more of a crime, he did not blush to pay tribute, against the custom of his ancestors, the kings of the Franks, and following the advice of evil men, to a man from whom he ought to have exacted tribute and hostages.
This is undoubtedly polemic in intention, but the accusation is not, or not directly, that Charles III should have fought the Northmen, but that he should have taken tribute and hostages from them like a proper Frankish king. In saying this, the annalist was following a long tradition; earlier writers liked to demonstrate the power of the kings they wrote about by listing the tribute they took. For the Merovingian period we know of tribute-payments by the Lombards, the Bretons, the Thuringians, the Saxons, the Frisians and the Basques, as well as by other smaller German tribes. Such payments could be made in gold and silver, or in kind. The Lombards had to pay 12,000 solidi annually; these solidi predate the Carolingian monetary reform, which makes the sum a very large one indeed.
11 - Assembly politics in western Europe from the eighth century to the twelfth
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 193-216
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The phrase ‘assembly politics’ in the title is deliberately ambiguous: it refers both to politics conducted through assemblies and to politics conducted at assemblies. To address this apparently narrow theme is in fact to address a much wider problem: as we shall see, it was mainly at assemblies that early and high medieval polities were able to act and indeed to exist. ‘Polities’ and ‘politics’ are here merely neutral signifiers for past human activities to which we would probably apply similar terms in our own societies; their use does not imply that prominent lay and ecclesiastical personages in this period conceived of any of their activities as ‘politics’ or of the regna within which they operated as ‘polities’. Indeed, to make that point is precisely to raise the issue of how we are to avoid anachronism in dealing with our remote pasts. The principal approaches on offer duck this difficulty. We can write conventional political history for this period by casting it as accounts of the strategies and tactics pursued by the principal actors in their attempts to acquire and retain and enhance their power and of the ways in which these attempts conflicted with each other. But if we do this we shall smooth out the lumpiness of the past. Conventional political history presents rulers and ruled as engaged continuously in political activity and calculation: our sources may not so present them, but the narrative strategies implicit in such writing will reframe the past to make it look like this, just as actors in a film – unless it is very experimental indeed – are assumed to be and implied as being engaged in action even when they are off camera.
14 - The end of Carolingian military expansion
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 251-267
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It is a commonplace that the expansion of the Carolingian empire slowed down rapidly after 800 and came to a halt under Louis the Pious. It is also well known that both Charles in the last years of his reign and Louis the Pious experienced difficulty in raising armies. This paper will re-examine these two well-established facts and suggest some explanations, continuing lines of argument already developed in a previous article. It may be as well to begin by chronicling the end of expansion. The crushing of the Avars in the 790s was the last really large aggressive military operation conducted by the Carolingians; the final incorporation of the Saxons into the Frankish empire, marked by the peace of Salz in 803 and the de-Saxonization of Transalbingia in the following year, brought to an end what Einhard rightly described as the most serious of all the wars fought by the Franks. In the period between 802/3 and the crisis of 830 there was intermittent warfare on a number of fronts: in the south-west against the Muslims of Spain and the Basques; in the north-west against the Bretons; in the north-east against the Danes and their Slav allies; in the south-east against the Serbs and the Bulgars; and in Italy against the Byzantines and Beneventans. In addition there were invasion scares in the 800s on the north French coast, real invasions in southern Italy and Frisia, and skirmishes in the Mediterranean islands.
16 - The making of England and Germany, 850–1050: points of comparison and difference
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 284-299
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The post-Carolingian era is by common consent the period in which the recognisable ancestors of modern European nation-states were formed, and yet the processes of formation were very varied ones. We may set out the issues which this chapter seeks to address in three quotations from Karl Leyser:
Anglo-Saxon England in the tenth century presents more similarities with the world of the Reich than at any other time of their respective histories. It had a regnal structure with a partially ethnic basis, and it knew the predominance or at least hegemony of one kingdom, Wessex and its society, over all the others, largely because it gave them their kings. The continental Saxons enjoyed similar advantages thanks to the east Frankish kingship of their leading family, the Liudolfings. The rulers of Wessex in the tenth century acquired an imperium which did not so much imitate the Ottonians as develop like forms of overlordship even ahead of them.
The second is Leyser's anticipatory summary of much of the work of scholars such as Campbell and Wormald, with whom he was in close contact:
We tend to think that centralisation, bureaucracy, too much government and taxation are very recent troubles in our polity, quite novel English diseases, contrary to the mainstream of all the best historical traditions. The reverse is true. They are deep-seated and deeply rooted phenomena in English political society, part of its very birth.
The third is found in a discussion of Ottonian government:
The older school [of constitutional historians of medieval Germany] assumed … the state and a volume of government without asking very precise questions of how it worked from day to day. […]
22 - All quiet except on the Western Front? The emergence of pre-modern forms of statehood in the central Middle Ages
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 432-458
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The relationship between this subject and the present writer is not a new one. About five years ago, I published a longer paper on a very closely related theme, the medieval German Sonderweg. So, in the following remarks, the content and argument of that earlier paper will for the most part be implicitly taken as read, except for when it is explicitly cited or corrected. But not only is the relationship between subject and writer not new: the subject itself is very old. The questions of why and – unfortunately less often asked, though no less crucial – how far the development of Germany in the central medieval period was or seemed to be different from what happened in the rest of Europe, and the related discussion over whether this ought, on the whole, to be assessed in negative or positive terms, are both almost as old as the professional study of medieval history in Germany. They have their roots in the reciprocal links between history as a subject and state development in Europe, and especially in the German-speaking lands, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Then as now, it was a matter of making sense of a current situation, but the particular significance of medieval history for the German-speaking lands was fundamentally greater then than now.
19 - Peace-breaking, feud, rebellion, resistance: violence and peace in the politics of the Salian era
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 355-387
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From the history of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries, three acts of violence stand out because they found a particularly resonant echo in contemporary historians. The first was the murder of Count Wichmann in 1016 on his way home from a convivium with his rivals Count Balderich and his wife Adela. The act itself was perpetrated by a servus who had evidently been put up to it by the couple. The detailed coverage of the murder in the narrative sources is explicable not least in terms of the interests and family records and traditions of several contemporary bishops of Saxony and Lower Lotharingia whom it directly affected. The second episode was the destruction by Saxon rebels in 1074 of the castle-chapel on the Harzburg and the Salian tombs including those of the brother and son of Henry IV. This too aroused a great deal of attention, both because of the horrific nature of the deed, and because it marked a turning-point in the war between Henry and the rebel Saxons. The third event was the killing of Count Sigehard of Burghausen by his own ministerials at Regensburg in 1104. Responsibility for the murder was laid at the door of Henry IV, and the defection from him of a number of south German magnates as a result signalled the beginning of the end for his regime.
21 - Mandate, privilege, court judgement: techniques of rulership in the age of Frederick Barbarossa
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 413-431
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The reflections that follow have grown out of my preoccupation with two sets of problems. First, I have been working for far too long on a new edition of the letter-collection of Wibald of Stablo, which as you will all know contains the major part of all surviving Staufer mandates as well a considerable number of papal mandates, and it therefore seems an obvious challenge to compare these two governmental systems and their methods. Second, not long ago, I tried to sketch for anglophone historians the basic features of the style of rulership in the twelfth-century regnum Teutonicum: now is the time to fill out that sketch a little further. What I am offering here is certainly not polished or complete. It is, rather, work in progress, which means that it is preliminary and has many gaps (I especially regret the omission of France and its high court) – but that can't be helped when I am trying to tackle mandate, privilege and court judgement in only an hour.
In my title, I have deliberately used the word ‘age’ rather than ‘reign’. As long ago as the 1920s and 1930s, leading German medievalists dealt with the period of Barbarossa in the framework of processes of modernisation that became evident in the twelfth century. To some extent, this was a new version of the old battle between historians of ‘Big Germany’ and those of ‘Small Germany’.
PART III - POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND INTENTIONS
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 191-192
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3 - The insecurity of travel in the early and high Middle Ages: criminals, victims and their medieval and modern observers
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 38-71
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On the death of William the Conqueror in 1087, the anonymous author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle wrote a lengthy obituary-notice, in which, among other things, he said: ‘We must not forget the good order he kept in the land, so that any man, if he himself were of any substance, could travel unmolested throughout the country with his bosom full of gold.’ In this sentence, we can see all four elements of our cluster of issues: the criminal, who waited impatiently for loot; the victim, plagued with the fear of being robbed; the ruler, whose self-perception required him to act to stem the problem; and the observer, who gives, or seems to have given, information either about crime in general or about particular criminal acts. Highway robbery represents only part of the general insecurity of the Middle Ages, but it was insecurity of an especially dangerous kind. On the roads, a person was cut off from the protection of the normal social environment – if also from the dangers of that environment. The people you met were strangers to you, and therefore threatening: William of Poitiers praises it as one of William the Conqueror's greatest achievements that in Normandy during his reign, a man did not immediately have to take flight if other armed men encountered him on the road. As soon as you left home, you perceived such men as strange and dangerous.
PART II - THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL ACTION
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 109-110
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18 - The ‘imperial church system’ of the Ottonian and Salian rulers: a reconsideration
- Timothy Reuter
- Edited by Janet L. Nelson, King's College London
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- Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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- 12 August 2009
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- 02 November 2006, pp 325-354
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There is a general consensus among historians that there was something quite special about the church policy of the Ottonian and Salian rulers of Germany from Henry I to Henry III. The normal reliance of the medieval king on his prelates was here turned into a deliberate and systematic exploitation of the potential of the Church as an instrument of government. These rulers used bishops and abbots, whom they appointed, as a counterweight to a turbulent and unreliable lay nobility. Many historians have, so to speak, followed them in this, have turned from the Ottonians' and Salians' complex and seemingly unsatisfactory relations with their aristocracy to their church policy. Here they have seen plan, system and harmony, so much so that the Church has come to be regarded as the principal instrument of government available to these rulers. Our picture of the Ottonian and Salian ‘imperial church system’, the Reichskirchensystem of German historians, has been much refined by recent scholarship, but the essential outlines have not greatly altered since the time of Waitz and Giesebrecht. The purpose of what follows is to re-examine these outlines. The qualifications, doubts and reinterpretations offered are not all new; many have been expressed or at least hinted at in the existing literature. But they have never been fully articulated, and it seems worth looking again at the Reichskirchensystem as a whole to ask how far in fact it did perform or could have performed the functions usually attributed to it, and to ask also how far it was a system.